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Gérard Duc
Thu 12 April 2007
 INRA-URLEG,
17, rue de Sully
BP 86510, 21034 Dijon cedex,FranceMini-biographyGérard Duc is Director of Research and currently Deputy Director of URLEG, the Unit of Genetics and Ecophysiology of Grain legumes at INRA Dijon. Gérard Duc’s research focuses on plant genetics, breeding and genetic resources, with special interests on cytoplasmic male sterility and hybrids of faba bean, seed composition of pea and faba bean, nitrogen nutrition, symbiosis and yield performances in legumes. Gérard Duc is one of the founding members of GL-TTP, where he contributes his expertise in genetic resources and breeding, and facilitates the interaction between INRA and GL-TTP. From genetic resources to marker-assisted selection: new strategies developed at INRA on Pisum sativum L. and Vicia faba L. Gérard Duc and Judith Burstin INRA URLEG Dijon, BP86510 21065 Dijon cédex France. duc@epoisses.inra.frThe INRA collection of Pisum sativum consists of two types of material: (i) spontaneous variability with ca 2800 accessions, mostly composed of old European cultivated forms (land races and cultivars) developed for diverse uses; passport and phenotypic data are registered for this collection, and (ii) mutagenised variability, with 5000 EMS mutants including symbiotic mutants. The INRA collection of Vicia faba contains ca 2000 accessions of wide geographic origin for which passport and phenotypic data are registered. This collection is maintained by selfing, but the allogamous status of this crop also offers a possibility of dynamic management of populations. The use of a dominant male sterility gene is proposed to develop such populations, which may be used as the basis of recurrent selection programmes. Associated with this source of variability, the development of molecular markers for marker-assisted selection provides new perspectives of broadening the genetic basis of breeding populations. For example, markers helpful to breed low trypsin inhibitor activity seed and super-nodulating pea genotypes are available, while EcoTILLING or TILLING reverse genetics approaches on selected genes will help identify interesting progenitors. Tannins, vicine and convicine: anti-nutritional factors of faba bean. Genetic determinism and prospects for breeding.
Gérard Duc, INRA URLEG Dijon, BP86510 21065 Dijon cédex France.
duc@epoisses.inra.fr
Tannins, vicine and convicine have been shown to reduce AMEn values (apparent metabolisable energy) in adult cockerels and in broiler chickens1,2,3. Vicine and convicine induce a reduced animal performance or low egg production in laying hens4. Vicine and convicine are responsible for favism in humans5,6. Favism is an acute hemolysis caused by ingestion of faba bean seeds occurring only in G6PD-deficient individuals. Hemolysis means that red blood cells are destroyed within few hours after fresh faba bean ingestion. Vicine and convicine are glucopyranosides contained in cotyledons of fresh and mature seeds of Vicia faba7,6. In conventional cultivars, the combined vicine and convicine (v-c) content ranges from 6 to 14g /kg. A spontaneous mutant allele named vc- was discovered which induces a 10-20 fold reduction of v-c contents, closely linked (10.1 cM) to the gene that controls the white hilum on seeds8,3,9, raising the possibility of their removal from the seed.
Tannins have negative effects when introduced in diets of monogastric animals. There is good agreement in literature data showing they reduce protein digestibility in pig and poultry10,1. These polyphenolics are contained in the seed coat (5 to 10 g / kg seed DM)11,12,10. Two recessive genes zt-1 and zt-2 have been identified which simultaneously determine a white flower character and “zero tannin” content in the seed. Tannins can be removed from the seeds by the presence of one of the two recessive genes.
Data from Grosjean et al.1 suggest that reduction of both tannins and vicine-convicine have additive beneficial effects, which encourage breeders to select for a double low trait. The trade name FEVITA® has been given to this type of quality which results in improved nutritional value compared with conventional faba beans. Breeding “Fevita” quality types may offer a common quality adequate for large animal feed and human food markets. The trade name FEVITA® has been registered by UNIP in several countries3 (France, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Australia, Egypt and Canada).
1. Grosjean, F., Bourdillon, A., Rudeaux, F., Bastianelli, C., Duc, G., & Lacassagne, L., 2000. Sciences et Techniques Avicoles 32, 17-23
2. Métayer J.P., Barrier-Guillot B., Skiba F., Crépon K., Bouvarel I., Marget P., Duc G., Lessire M., 2003, 5 ièmes Journées de la Recherche Avicole, Tours, mars 2003, 133-135.
3. Duc G., K. Crépon, P. Marget, F. Muel 2006 www.grainlegumes.com/aep/breeding/faba_bean_breeding/fevita_a_new_type_of_faba_bean_cultivars
4. Campell LD, Olaboro G, Marquardt RR, Waddel D (1980). Can J Anim Sci 60:.395-405.
5. Mager J, Glaser G, Razin A, Izak G, Bien S, Noam M (1965. Biochem Bioph Res Co 29:235-240.
6. Arese P, Duc G., Lessire M., Marget P. 2007, Grain legumes magazine 48, 16-17
7. Muduuli DS, Marquardt RR, Guenter W (1982). Brit J Nutr 47(1): 53-60.
8. Duc G, Sixdenier G, Lila M, Furtoss V (1989).. In: Huisman J, Van der Poel AFB, Liener IE (eds.) Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen pp 305-313.
9. Duc G, Marget P, Page D, Domoney C (2004).. In: Muzquiz M, Hill GD, Cuadrado C Pedrosa MM
10. Duc G., Marget p., Esnault R., Le Guen J., Bastianelli D. 1999, J. Agric. Sci. 133, 185-196: EAAP pbs 110, , 281-286
11. Picard J (1976). Annales de l’Amélioration des Plantes, 26 : 101-106.
12. Bond DA 1976.. J Agric Sci Camb 86: 561-566.
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